21st Century Adult Cancer Sourcebook: Uterine Sarcoma - Clinical Data for Patients, Families, and Physicians
Edition 1.0 - October 2011
National Cancer Institute
Smashwords Edition
Copyright 2011 Progressive Management
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PART ONE
Chapter 1A: Uterine Sarcoma Patient Information
Chapter 2A: Uterine Sarcoma Health Professional Information
Chapter 3A: Uterine Sarcoma Clinical Trials
PART TWO
Chapter 1B: Levels of Evidence for Adult and Pediatric Cancer Treatment Studies (NCI)
Chapter 2B: Glossary of Clinical Trial Terms
Chapter 3B: Clinical Trials Background Information
Chapter 4B: Cancer Clinical Trials -The Basic Workbook
Chapter 5B: Cancer Clinical Trials - The In-Depth Program
Chapter 6B: Clinical Trials at NIH
Chapter 7B: How To Find A Cancer Treatment Trial: A Ten Step Guide
Chapter 8B: Taking Part in Cancer Treatment Research Studies
Chapter 9B: Cancer Clinical Trials
Chapter 10B: Access to Investigational Drugs
Chapter 12B: Taking Time: Support for People with Cancer
Chapter 13B: Facing Forward - Life After Cancer Treatment
Chapter 14B: Chemotherapy and You
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PART ONE
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Chapter 1A: Uterine Sarcoma Patient Information
Patient Version
Last Modified: 11/05/2010
General Information About Uterine Sarcoma
Key Points for This Section
* Uterine sarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the muscles of the uterus or other tissues that support the uterus.
* Being exposed to x-rays can increase the risk of developing uterine sarcoma.
* Possible signs of uterine sarcoma include abnormal bleeding.
* Tests that examine the uterus are used to detect (find) and diagnose uterine sarcoma.
* Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
Uterine sarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the muscles of the uterus or other tissues that support the uterus.
The uterus is part of the female reproductive system. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped organ in the pelvis, where a fetus grows. The cervix is at the lower, narrow end of the uterus, and leads to the vagina.
Anatomy of the female reproductive system. The organs in the female reproductive system include the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. The uterus has a muscular outer layer called the myometrium and an inner lining called the endometrium.
Uterine sarcoma is a very rare kind of cancer that forms in the uterine muscles or in tissues that support the uterus. Uterine sarcoma is different from cancer of the endometrium, a disease in which cancer cells start growing inside the lining of the uterus.
Being exposed to x-rays can increase the risk of developing uterine sarcoma.
Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. Risk factors for uterine sarcoma include the following:
* Past treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis.
* Treatment with tamoxifen for breast cancer. A patient taking this drug should have a pelvic exam every year and report any vaginal bleeding (other than menstrual bleeding) as soon as possible.
Possible signs of uterine sarcoma include abnormal bleeding.
Abnormal bleeding from the vagina and other symptoms may be caused by uterine sarcoma. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
* Bleeding that is not part of menstrual periods.
* Bleeding after menopause.
* A mass in the vagina.
* Pain or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen.
* Frequent urination.
Tests that examine the uterus are used to detect (find) and diagnose uterine sarcoma.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
* Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
* Pelvic exam: An exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and the other hand is placed over the lower abdomen to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. A speculum is also inserted into the vagina and the doctor or nurse looks at the vagina and cervix for signs of disease. A Pap test or Pap smear of the cervix is usually done. The doctor or nurse also inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or abnormal areas.
* Pelvic exam. A doctor or nurse inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and presses on the lower abdomen with the other hand. This is done to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes, and rectum are also checked.
* Pap test: A procedure to collect cells from the surface of the cervix and vagina. A piece of cotton, a brush, or a small wooden stick is used to gently scrape cells from the cervix and vagina. The cells are viewed under a microscope to find out if they are abnormal. This procedure is also called a Pap smear. Because uterine sarcoma begins inside the uterus, this cancer may not show up on the Pap test.
* Pap smear. A speculum is inserted into the vagina to widen it. Then, a brush is inserted into the vagina to collect cells from the cervix. The cells are checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
* Dilatation and curettage: Surgery to remove samples of tissue or the inner lining of the uterus. The cervix is dilated and a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue. Tissue samples may be taken and checked under a microscope for signs of disease. This procedure is also called a D&C.
* Dilatation and curettage (D and C). A speculum is inserted into the vagina to widen it in order to look at the cervix (first panel). A dilator is used to widen the cervix (middle panel). A curette is put through the cervix into the uterus to scrape out abnormal tissue (last panel).
* Endometrial biopsy: The removal of tissue from the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) by inserting a thin, flexible tube through the cervix and into the uterus. The tube is used to gently scrape a small amount of tissue from the endometrium and then remove the tissue samples. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
* The stage of the cancer.
* The type and size of the tumor.
* The patient's general health.
* Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Glossary Terms
abdomen (AB-doh-men)
* The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
abnormal (ab-NOR-mul)
* Not normal. An abnormal lesion or growth may be cancer, premalignant (likely to become cancer), or benign (not cancer).
breast cancer (brest KAN-ser)
* Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
cancer (KAN-ser)
* A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.
cell (sel)
* The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
cervix (SER-vix)
* The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.
curette (kyoo-RET)
* A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge.
diagnosis (DY-ug-NOH-sis)
* The process of identifying a disease, such as cancer, from its signs and symptoms.
dilatation and curettage (DIH-luh-TAY-shun … kyoo-reh-TAZH)
* A procedure to remove tissue from the cervical canal or the inner lining of the uterus. The cervix is dilated (made larger) and a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue. Also called D&C and dilation and curettage.
dilate (DY-layt)
* To widen or enlarge an opening or hollow structure beyond its usual size, such as the pupil of the eye or a blood vessel.
drug (drug)
* Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.
endometrial biopsy (EN-doh-MEE-tree-ul BY-op-see)
* A procedure in which a sample of tissue is taken from the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) for examination under a microscope. A thin tube is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, and gentle scraping and suction are used to remove the sample.
endometrium (en-doh-MEE-tree-um)
* The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
fallopian tube (fuh-LOH-pee-in...)
* A slender tube through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.
fetus (FEE-tus)
* In humans, an unborn baby that develops and grows inside the uterus (womb). The fetal period begins 8 weeks after fertilization of an egg by a sperm and ends at the time of birth.
menopause (MEH-nuh-pawz)
* The time of life when a woman’s ovaries stop producing hormones and menstrual periods stop. Natural menopause usually occurs around age 50. A woman is said to be in menopause when she hasn’t had a period for 12 months in a row. Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, vaginal dryness, trouble concentrating, and infertility.
menstrual cycle (MEN-stroo-ul SY-kul)
* The monthly cycle of hormonal changes from the beginning of one menstrual period to the beginning of the next.
menstruation (MEN-stroo-WAY-shun)
* Periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. From puberty until menopause, menstruation occurs about every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant.
nurse (nurs)
* A health professional trained to care for people who are ill or disabled.
organ (OR-gun)
* A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
ovary (OH-vuh-ree)
* One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
Pap test (pap test)
* A procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect cancer and changes that may lead to cancer. A Pap test can also show conditions, such as infection or inflammation, that are not cancer. Also called Pap smear and Papanicolaou test.
pathologist (puh-THAH-loh-jist)
* A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
pelvic examination (PEL-vik eg-ZA-mih-NAY-shun)
* A physical examination in which the health care professional will feel for lumps or changes in the shape of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. The health care professional will also use a speculum to open the vagina to look at the cervix and take samples for a Pap test. Also called internal examination.
pelvis (PEL-vus)
* The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones.
physical examination (FIH-zih-kul eg-ZA-mih-NAY-shun)
* An exam of the body to check for general signs of disease.
prognosis (prog-NO-sis)
* The likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence.
radiation therapy (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
* The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.
rectum (REK-tum)
* The last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus.
recur
* To come back or to return.
reproductive system (REE-proh-DUK-tiv SIS-tem)
* The organs involved in producing offspring. In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
risk factor (... FAK-ter)
* Something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer are age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals, infection with certain viruses or bacteria, and certain genetic changes.
sarcoma (sar-KOH-muh)
* A cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
speculum (SPEK-yoo-lum)
* An instrument used to widen an opening of the body to make it easier to look inside.
stage
* The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
symptom (SIMP-tum)
* An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain.
tamoxifen (tuh-MOK-sih-FEN)
* A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in women and men. It is also used to prevent breast cancer in women who have had ductal carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells in the ducts of the breast) and in women who are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. Tamoxifen is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the breast. Tamoxifen is a type of antiestrogen. Also called tamoxifen citrate.
tissue (TIH-shoo)
* A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
tumor (TOO-mer)
* An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm.
uterine sarcoma (YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)
* A rare type of uterine cancer that forms in muscle or other tissues of the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). It usually occurs after menopause. The two main types are leiomyosarcoma (cancer that begins in smooth muscle cells) and endometrial stromal sarcoma (cancer that begins in connective tissue cells).
uterus (YOO-teh-rus)
* The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called womb.
vagina (vuh-JY-nuh)
* The muscular canal that goes from the uterus to the outside of the body. During birth, the baby passes through the vagina. Also called birth canal.
vaginal (VA-jih-nul)
* Having to do with the vagina (the birth canal).
Table of Links
1 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/adult-soft-tissue-sarcoma/Patient
2 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/endometrial/Patient
Stages of Uterine Sarcoma
Key Points for This Section
* After uterine sarcoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body.
* Uterine sarcoma may be diagnosed, staged, and treated in the same surgery.
* There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
* The following stages are used for uterine sarcoma:
* Stage I
* Stage II
* Stage III
* Stage IV
After uterine sarcoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body.
The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following procedures may be used in the staging process:
* Transvaginal ultrasound exam: A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and bladder. An ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the vagina and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. The doctor can identify tumors by looking at the sonogram.
* Transvaginal ultrasound. An ultrasound probe connected to a computer is inserted into the vagina and is gently moved to show different organs. The probe bounces sound waves off internal organs and tissues to make echoes that form a sonogram (computer picture).
* CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the abdomen and pelvis, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues to show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
* Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
* Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it.
* CA 125 assay: A test that measures the level of CA 125 in the blood. CA 125 is a substance released by cells into the bloodstream. An increased CA 125 level is sometimes a sign of cancer or other condition.
* Cystoscopy: A procedure to look inside the bladder and urethra to check for abnormal areas. A cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. A cystoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
* Sigmoidoscopy: A procedure to look inside the rectum and sigmoid (lower) colon for polyps, abnormal areas, or cancer. A sigmoidoscope is inserted through the rectum into the sigmoid colon. A sigmoidoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove polyps or tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
* Barium enema: A series of x-rays of the lower gastrointestinal tract. A liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound) is put into the rectum. The barium coats the lower gastrointestinal tract and x-rays are taken. This procedure is also called a lower GI series.
Uterine sarcoma may be diagnosed, staged, and treated in the same surgery.
Surgery is used to diagnose, stage, and treat uterine sarcoma. During this surgery, the doctor removes as much of the cancer as possible. The following procedures may be used to diagnose, stage, and treat uterine sarcoma:
* Laparotomy: A surgical procedure in which an incision (cut) is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease. The size of the incision depends on the reason the laparotomy is being done. Sometimes organs are removed or tissue samples are taken and checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
* Abdominal and pelvic washings: A procedure in which a saline solution is placed into the abdominal and pelvic body cavities. After a short time, the fluid is removed and viewed under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
* Total abdominal hysterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the uterus and cervix through a large incision (cut) in the abdomen.
* Hysterectomy. The uterus is surgically removed with or without other organs or tissues. In a total hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed. In a total hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy, (a) the uterus plus one (unilateral) ovary and fallopian tube are removed; or (b) the uterus plus both (bilateral) ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed. In a radical hysterectomy, the uterus, cervix, both ovaries, both fallopian tubes, and nearby tissue are removed. These procedures are done using a low transverse incision or a vertical incision.
* Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
* Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which lymph nodes are removed and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. For a regional lymphadenectomy, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. For a radical lymphadenectomy, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. This procedure is also called lymph node dissection.
Treatment in addition to surgery may be given, as described in the Treatment Option Overview 1 section of this summary.
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
The three ways that cancer spreads in the body are:
* Through tissue. Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissue.
* Through the lymph system. Cancer invades the lymph system and travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
* Through the blood. Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.
When cancer cells break away from the primary (original) tumor and travel through the lymph or blood to other places in the body, another (secondary) tumor may form. This process is called metastasis. The secondary (metastatic) tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
The following stages are used for uterine sarcoma:
Stage I
In stage I, cancer is found in the uterus only. Stage I is divided into stage IA, stage IB, and stage IC, based on how far the cancer has spread.
* Stage IA: Cancer is in the endometrium only.
* Stage IB: Cancer has spread into the inner half of the myometrium (muscle layer of the uterus).
* Stage IC: Cancer has spread into the outer half of the myometrium.
Stage II
In stage II, cancer has spread from the uterus to the cervix. Stage II is divided into stage IIA and stage IIB, based on how far the cancer has spread.
* Stage IIA: Cancer has spread to the glands where the cervix and uterus meet.
* Stage IIB: Cancer has spread into the connective tissue of the cervix.
Stage III
In stage III, cancer has spread beyond the uterus and cervix, but has not spread beyond the pelvis. Stage III is divided into stage IIIA and stage IIIB, based on how far the cancer has spread within the pelvis.
* Stage IIIA: Cancer has spread to one or more of the following:
* the outermost layer of the uterus; and/or
* tissues just beyond the uterus; and/or
* the peritoneum.
* Stage IIIB: Cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis and/or near the uterus.
Stage IV
In stage IV, cancer has spread beyond the pelvis. Stage IV is divided into stage IVA and stage IVB, based on how far the cancer has spread.
* Stage IVA: Cancer has spread to the lining of the bladder and/or bowel.
* Stage IVB: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond the pelvis, including lymph nodes in the abdomen and/or groin.
Glossary Terms
abdomen (AB-doh-men)
* The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
abdominal (ab-DAH-mih-nul)
* Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
abnormal (ab-NOR-mul)
* Not normal. An abnormal lesion or growth may be cancer, premalignant (likely to become cancer), or benign (not cancer).
barium enema (BAYR-ee-um EH-neh-muh)
* A procedure in which a liquid that contains barium sulfate is put through the anus into the rectum and colon. Barium sulfate is a silver-white metallic compound that helps show pictures of the colon, rectum, and anus on an x-ray.
barium solution (BAYR-ee-um suh-LOO-shun)
* A liquid that contains barium sulfate (a form of the silver-white metallic element barium). It is used to show pictures of parts of the digestive system in x-rays.
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (by-LA-teh-rul sal-PIN-goh-oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee)
* Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
bladder (BLA-der)
* The organ that stores urine.
blood (blud)
* A tissue with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes.
blood chemistry study (blud KEH-mih-stree STUH-dee)
* A procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances made in the body. An abnormal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that produces it.
bone cancer (bone KAN-ser)
* Primary bone cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the bone. Some types of primary bone cancer are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and chondrosarcoma. Secondary bone cancer is cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body (such as the prostate, breast, or lung).
bowel (BOW-ul)
* The long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. The bowel has two parts, the small bowel and the large bowel. Also called intestine.
breast cancer (brest KAN-ser)
* Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
CA-125
* A substance that may be found in high amounts in the blood of patients with certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer. CA-125 levels may also help monitor how well cancer treatments are working or if cancer has come back. Also called cancer antigen 125.
cancer (KAN-ser)
* A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.
capillary (KA-pih-layr-ee)
* The smallest type of blood vessel. A capillary connects an arteriole (small artery) to a venule (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body. The wall of a capillary is thin and leaky, and capillaries are involved in the exchange of fluids and gases between tissues and the blood.
cell (sel)
* The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
cervix (SER-vix)
* The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.
chest x-ray (chest EX-ray)
* An x-ray of the structures inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of high-energy radiation that can go through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the chest, which can be used to diagnose disease.
compound (KOM-pownd)
* In science, a substance that is made up of more than one ingredient.
connective tissue (kuh-NEK-tiv TIH-shoo)
* Supporting tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs. Specialized connective tissue includes bone, cartilage, blood, and fat.
contrast material (KON-trast muh-TEER-ee-ul)
* A dye or other substance that helps show abnormal areas inside the body. It is given by injection into a vein, by enema, or by mouth. Contrast material may be used with x-rays, CT scans, MRI, or other imaging tests.
CT scan (… skan)
* A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography scan, computerized axial tomography scan, and computerized tomography.
cystoscope (SIS-toh-SKOPE)
* A thin, tube-like instrument used to look inside the bladder and urethra. A cystoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.
cystoscopy (sis-TOS-koh-pee)
* Examination of the bladder and urethra using a cystoscope, inserted into the urethra. A cystoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
diagnosis (DY-ug-NOH-sis)
* The process of identifying a disease, such as cancer, from its signs and symptoms.
endometrium (en-doh-MEE-tree-um)
* The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
fallopian tube (fuh-LOH-pee-in...)
* A slender tube through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.
fluid (FLOO-id)
* A substance that flows smoothly and takes the shape of its container. Liquids and gases are fluids.
gastrointestinal tract (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul trakt)
* The stomach and intestines. The gastrointestinal tract is part of the digestive system, which also includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and rectum.
gland
* An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. Endocrine glands release the substances directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands release the substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body.
groin (groyn)
* The area where the thigh meets the abdomen.
incision (in-SIH-zhun)
* A cut made in the body to perform surgery.
injection (in-JEK-shun)
* Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or drugs into the body; often called a "shot."
invasive cancer (in-VAY-siv KAN-ser)
* Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer.
laparotomy (LA-puh-RAH-toh-mee)
* A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen.
lymph (limf)
* The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymphatic fluid.
lymph node (limf node)
* A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called lymph gland.
lymph vessel (limf ...)
* A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel.
lymphadenectomy (LIM-fa-deh-NEK-toh-mee)
* A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. For a regional lymphadenectomy, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymphadenectomy, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. Also called lymph node dissection.
lymphatic system (lim-FA-tik SIS-tem)
* The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels (a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells). Lymphatic vessels branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.
metastasis (meh-TAS-tuh-sis)
* The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. A tumor formed by cells that have spread is called a “metastatic tumor” or a “metastasis.” The metastatic tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural form of metastasis is metastases (meh-TAS-tuh-SEEZ).
myometrium (my-oh-MEE-tree-um)
* The muscular outer layer of the uterus.
organ (OR-gun)
* A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
ovary (OH-vuh-ree)
* One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
pelvic (PEL-vik)
* Having to do with the pelvis (the lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones).
pelvis (PEL-vus)
* The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones.
peritoneum (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-um)
* The tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen.
polyp (PAH-lip)
* A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane.
primary tumor (PRY-mayr-ee TOO-mer)
* The original tumor.
radical lymph node dissection (RA-dih-kul limf node dy-SEK-shun)
* A surgical procedure to remove most or all of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them.
rectum (REK-tum)
* The last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus.
regional lymph node dissection (REE-juh-nul limf node dy-SEK-shun)
* A surgical procedure to remove some of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them.
saline (SAY-leen)
* A solution of salt and water.
sigmoid colon (SIG-moyd KOH-lun)
* The S-shaped section of the colon that connects to the rectum.
sigmoidoscope (sig-MOY-doh-skope)
* A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the colon. A sigmoidoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.
sigmoidoscopy (sig-MOY-DOS-koh-pee)
* Examination of the lower colon using a sigmoidoscope, inserted into the rectum. A sigmoidoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called proctosigmoidoscopy.
sonogram (SAH-noh-gram)
* A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs. Also called ultrasonogram.
stage
* The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
stage I uterine sarcoma (…YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)
* Stage I uterine sarcoma is divided into stages IA, IB, and IC based on how far the cancer has spread into the wall of the uterus. In stage IA, cancer is in the endometrium only. In stage IB, cancer has spread into the inner half of the myometrium (muscle layer of the uterus). In stage IC, cancer has spread to the outer half of the myometrium.
stage II uterine sarcoma (…YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)
* Stage II uterine sarcoma is divided into stages IIA and IIB based on how far the cancer has spread into the cervix. In stage IIA, cancer has spread to the glands where the cervix and uterus meet. In stage IIB, cancer has spread into the connective tissue of the cervix.
stage III uterine sarcoma (…YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)
* Stage III uterine sarcoma is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB based on how far the cancer has spread within the pelvis (lower part of the abdomen between the hip bones). In stage IIIA, cancer has spread to the outermost layer of the uterus; and /or tissues just beyond the uterus; and/or the peritoneum. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis and/or near the uterus.
stage IV uterine sarcoma (…YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)
* Stage IV uterine sarcoma is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, cancer has spread to the bladder and/or bowel wall. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond the pelvis, including lymph nodes in the abdomen and groin.
staging (STAY-jing)
* Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan the best treatment.
surgery (SER-juh-ree)
* A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.
tissue (TIH-shoo)
* A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
total hysterectomy (TOH-tul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee)
* Surgery to remove the entire uterus, including the cervix. Also called complete hysterectomy.
transvaginal ultrasound (tranz-VA-jih-nul UL-truh-SOWND)
* A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina that causes sound waves to bounce off organs inside the pelvis. These sound waves create echoes that are sent to a computer, which creates a picture called a sonogram. Also called transvaginal sonography and TVS.
tumor (TOO-mer)
* An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm.
ultrasound (UL-truh-SOWND)
* A procedure in which high-energy sound waves are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echo patterns are shown on the screen of an ultrasound machine, forming a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. Also called ultrasonography.
ultrasound transducer (UL-truh-SOWND tranz-DOO-ser)
* A device that produces sound waves that bounce off body tissues and make echoes. The transducer also receives the echoes and sends them to a computer that uses them to create a picture called a sonogram. Transducers (probes) come in different shapes and sizes for use in making pictures of different parts of the body. The transducer may be passed over the surface of the body or inserted into an opening such as the rectum or vagina.
urethra (yoo-REE-thruh)
* The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder.
uterine sarcoma (YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)
* A rare type of uterine cancer that forms in muscle or other tissues of the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). It usually occurs after menopause. The two main types are leiomyosarcoma (cancer that begins in smooth muscle cells) and endometrial stromal sarcoma (cancer that begins in connective tissue cells).
uterus (YOO-teh-rus)
* The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called womb.
vagina (vuh-JY-nuh)
* The muscular canal that goes from the uterus to the outside of the body. During birth, the baby passes through the vagina. Also called birth canal.
vein (vayn)
* A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body.
x-ray (EX-ray)
* A type of radiation used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases. In low doses, x-rays are used to diagnose diseases by making pictures of the inside of the body. In high doses, x-rays are used to treat cancer.
Table of Links
1 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/uterinesarcoma/Patient/Page4#Section 56
Recurrent Uterine Sarcoma
Recurrent uterine sarcoma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the uterus or in other parts of the body.
Treatment Option Overview
Key Points for This Section
* There are different types of treatment for patients with uterine sarcoma.
* Four types of standard treatment are used:
* Surgery
* Radiation therapy
* Chemotherapy
* Hormone therapy
* New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
* Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
* Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
* Follow-up tests may be needed.
There are different types of treatment for patients with uterine sarcoma.
Different types of treatments are available for patients with uterine sarcoma. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Four types of standard treatment are used:
Surgery
Surgery is the most common treatment for uterine sarcoma, as described in the Stages of Uterine Sarcoma 1 section of this summary.
Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing. Hormones are substances produced by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. Some hormones can cause certain cancers to grow. If tests show the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach (receptors), drugs, surgery, or radiation therapy is used to reduce the production of hormones or block them from working.
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site 2.
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from NCI's listing of clinical trials.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests. This is sometimes called re-staging.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
Glossary Terms
abdomen (AB-doh-men)
* The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
adjuvant therapy (A-joo-vunt THAYR-uh-pee)
* Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or biological therapy.
cancer (KAN-ser)
* A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.
catheter (KA-theh-ter)
* A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body.
cavity (KA-vih-tee)
* A hollow area or hole. It may describe a body cavity (such as the space within the abdomen) or a hole in a tooth caused by decay.
cell (sel)
* The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
cerebrospinal fluid (seh-REE-broh-SPY-nul FLOO-id)
* The fluid that flows in and around the hollow spaces of the brain and spinal cord, and between two of the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). Cerebrospinal fluid is made by tissue called the choroid plexus in the ventricles (hollow spaces) in the brain. Also called CSF.
chemotherapy (KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells.
clinical trial (KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul)
* A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called clinical study.
diagnosis (DY-ug-NOH-sis)
* The process of identifying a disease, such as cancer, from its signs and symptoms.
drug (drug)
* Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.
external radiation therapy (...RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
* A type of radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer from outside of the body. Also called external-beam radiation therapy.
follow-up (FAH-loh-up)
* Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment. This includes keeping track of the health of people who participate in a clinical study or clinical trial for a period of time, both during the study and after the study ends.
gland
* An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. Endocrine glands release the substances directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands release the substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body.
hormone (HOR-mone)
* One of many chemicals made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. Some hormones can also be made in the laboratory.
hormone therapy (HOR-mone THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. For certain conditions (such as diabetes or menopause), hormones are given to adjust low hormone levels. To slow or stop the growth of certain cancers (such as prostate and breast cancer), synthetic hormones or other drugs may be given to block the body’s natural hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the gland that makes a certain hormone. Also called endocrine therapy, hormonal therapy, and hormone treatment.
injection (in-JEK-shun)
* Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or drugs into the body; often called a "shot."
internal radiation therapy (in-TER-nul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
* A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation therapy, and radiation brachytherapy.
NCI
* NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. It conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called National Cancer Institute.
organ (OR-gun)
* A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
radiation (RAY-dee-AY-shun)
* Energy released in the form of particle or electromagnetic waves. Common sources of radiation include radon gas, cosmic rays from outer space, medical x-rays, and energy given off by a radioisotope (unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable).
radiation therapy (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
* The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.
radioactive (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv)
* Giving off radiation.
radioactive seed (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv...)
* A small, radioactive pellet that is placed in or near a tumor. Cancer cells are killed by the energy given off as the radioactive material breaks down and becomes more stable.
receptor (reh-SEP-ter)
* A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell.
recur
* To come back or to return.
regional chemotherapy (REE-juh-nul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment with anticancer drugs directed to a specific area of the body.
side effect (side eh-FEKT)
* A problem that occurs when treatment affects healthy tissues or organs. Some common side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores.
stage
* The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
standard therapy (... THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Also called best practice, standard medical care, and standard of care.
surgery (SER-juh-ree)
* A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.
systemic chemotherapy (sis-TEH-mik KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment with anticancer drugs that travel through the blood to cells all over the body.
uterine sarcoma (YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)
* A rare type of uterine cancer that forms in muscle or other tissues of the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). It usually occurs after menopause. The two main types are leiomyosarcoma (cancer that begins in smooth muscle cells) and endometrial stromal sarcoma (cancer that begins in connective tissue cells).
x-ray (EX-ray)
* A type of radiation used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases. In low doses, x-rays are used to diagnose diseases by making pictures of the inside of the body. In high doses, x-rays are used to treat cancer.
Table of Links
1 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/uterinesarcoma/Patient/Page2#Section 125
2 http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials
Treatment Options by Stage
Stage I Uterine Sarcoma
Treatment of stage I uterine sarcoma may include the following:
* Surgery (total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy).
* Surgery followed by radiation therapy to the pelvis.
* Surgery followed by chemotherapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage I uterine sarcoma 1. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site 2.
Stage II Uterine Sarcoma
Treatment of stage II uterine sarcoma may include the following:
* Surgery (total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy).
* Surgery followed by radiation therapy to the pelvis.
* Surgery followed by chemotherapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage II uterine sarcoma 3. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site 2.
Stage III Uterine Sarcoma
Treatment of stage III uterine sarcoma may include the following:
* Surgery (total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy).
* A clinical trial of surgery followed by radiation therapy to the pelvis.
* A clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage III uterine sarcoma 4. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site 2.
Stage IV Uterine Sarcoma
There is no standard treatment for patients with stage IV uterine sarcoma. Treatment may include a clinical trial using chemotherapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage IV uterine sarcoma 5. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site 2.
Glossary Terms
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (by-LA-teh-rul sal-PIN-goh-oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee)